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This fast-paced book by Yale professors Michael Graetz and Ian Shapiro unravels the following mystery: How is it that the estate tax, which has been on the books continuously since 1916 and is paid by only the wealthiest two percent of Americans, was repealed in 2001 with broad bipartisan support? The mystery is all the more striking because the repeal was not done in the dead of night, like a congressional pay raise. It came at the end of a multiyear populist campaign launched by a few individuals, and was heralded by its supporters as a signal achievement for Americans who are committed to the work ethic and the American Dream.
Graetz and Shapiro conducted wide-ranging interviews with the relevant players: members of congress, senators, staffers from the key committees and the Bush White House, civil servants, think tank and interest group representatives, and many others. The result is a unique portrait of American politics as viewed through the lens of the death tax repeal saga. Graetz and Shapiro brilliantly illuminate the repeal campaign's many fascinating and unexpected turns--particularly the odd end result whereby the repeal is slated to self-destruct a decade after its passage. They show that the stakes in this fight are exceedingly high; the very survival of the long standing American consensus on progressive taxation is being threatened.
Graetz and Shapiro's rich narrative reads more like a political drama than a conventional work of scholarship. Yet every page is suffused by their intimate knowledge of the history of the tax code, the transformation of American conservatism over the past three decades, and the wider political implications of battles over tax policy.
- Sales Rank: #507296 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Princeton University Press
- Published on: 2006-08-13
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.21" h x .86" w x 6.14" l, 1.21 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 392 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
Honorable Mention for the 2005 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Government and Political Science, Association of American Publishers
"This is one of the most interesting books about politics, and power, and the way the world is going, that you are ever likely to read. What makes it so fascinating is that it is a mystery story. The mystery is this: how did the repeal of a tax that applies only to the richest 2 percent of American families become a cause so popular and so powerful that it steamrollered all the opposition placed in its way. . . . This is not simply a story about the United States. . . . [T]he moral of the tale is far wider than that. . . . Instead this is a tale about the power of narrative in politics, and the increasing ease with which individual stories can be made the be-all and end-all of political debate."--David Runciman, London Review of Books
"[Michael] Graetz . . . And [Ian] Shapiro . . . Set out to unravel what on the surface appears a mystery . . . Fueled a grassroots campaign that ended up throwing Democrats on the defensive. . . . Graetz and Shapiro make a convincing case that propaganda was not the chief reason the campaign to repeal the estate tax gathered steam. A far more important factor was that throughout the 1990s, the only people in Washington making impassioned moral arguments about it were antitax conservatives."--Eyal Press, The Nation
"Public-policy reporting at its finest. But Death by a Thousand Cuts is much more. It is also an important manual on moral arguments in contemporary politics."--David Cay Johnston, The American Prospect
"[A] lively legislative chronicle."--Amith Shlaes, Financial Times
"An elegant exegesis of the broad-based political forces that were brought together to fight against a tax that affects only the richest 1% to 2%. . . . There is a moral argument in favor of estate taxes that deserves to be heard above the clatter of the repeal juggernaut. This book is one of the first peeps in its defense."--Elizabeth Bailey, The New York Sun
"Death by a Thousand Cuts is a timely and important book. . . [I]t provides an enlightening and insightful account of the American political and tax systems."--Theodore Pollack, New York Law Journal
"Graetz and Shapiro are at their best when depicting the subterranean interplay between activists, think tanks, lobbyists, and donors that fuels federal politics."--Daniel Franklin, Washington Monthly
"How could a tax paid by only the richest 2 percent of Americans become a cause célèbre for a broad swath of middle-class farmers, businessmen and average Joes? [Graetz and Shapiro] provide a fascinating and readable explanation."--Jonathan Weisman, Washington Post
"The book is engaging, enlightening, and thought-provoking. . . . Graetz and Shapiro have written a remarkable book that deserves a wide audience. Their account of 'the fight over taxing inherited wealth' is notable not only for its sophisticated and penetrating analysis, but also for its scrupulous fairness."--Karen C. Burke and Grayson M.P. McCouch, Tax Notes
"Instead of rehashing the tired arguments about whether or not the estate tax should exist, these scholars undertook an incredible series of high-level interviews with the leading actors involved in this critical debate. The result is an easily accessible but highly insightful examination of the tax climate in early 21st century America. . . . Death by a Thousand Cuts clearly sounds a wake-up call to anyone who has not already seen how much the political center has shifted regarding the fundamental issues of what government should do and who should pay for it."--Richard L. Kaplan, National Tax Journal
"However you feel about the death tax, the book will make you glad that the power that controls our deaths is not the same one that controls our taxes."--Accounting Today
Review
Here we are, in the midst of great affluence and a badly skewed distribution of income. Yet, somehow, efforts are well advanced to abolish the estate tax as a first step toward ending the century-old consensus on the idea of progressivity in taxation. Michael Graetz and Ian Shapiro tell in vivid detail the sad (at least to me) story of how that is happening.
(Paul Volcker, former chairman of the Federal Reserve )
From the Inside Flap
"An immensely readable and illuminating look at the estate tax issue and its implications for future American tax policy."--Bill Bradley, former United States Senator
"[A] compelling book--a story that should be read by everyone who wants to understand the new power players of the right and their next target: the income tax system itself. When two of America's best academics combine theory with shoe leather reporting, the results are splendid."--David Gergen, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University; former White House Advisor to presidents Nixon, Ford, Reagan, and Clinton.
""Death By a Thousand Cuts is a marvelous book. I think of it as sort of a "Moneyball" for politics, with the role of Billy Bean played by Grover Norquist. The story of how Norquist and company pulled one over on the Democrats (and perhaps centrists of all stripes) is a great read. The book is certain to become a bible for inside-the-beltway readers, but it should be read by a very wide audience. The book changed the way I think about the politics of the estate tax debate. In fact, the book has changed my views about the politics of a number of related issues."--Joe Bankman, Stanford University School of Law
Most helpful customer reviews
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Explains what happened & why
By John Harllee
As its subtitle indicates, the book is about the nitty-gritty details of how the near-repeal of the estate tax got enacted into law. The authors discuss tax policy only tangentially: their focus is on who did what and why. Some actors on both sides acted out of idealistic (or, if you prefer, ideological) motives, many out of self-interested motives. According to the book, the pro-repeal forces were shrewd and far-sighted, whereas the anti-repeal forces were slow and weak. For example, charities have a strong interest in preservation of the estate tax, but were not effective in opposition to repeal, because they did not want to offend their donors and boards of directors. Having finished the book, I now believe I understand what happened. I even understand why the estate tax dies in 2010 and then springs back to life in 2011, a situation that seems insane, but which is a perfectly logical consequence of arcane Senate procedural rules interacting with the fact that the pro-repeal forces had no hope of mustering 60 votes in the Senate.
10 of 10 people found the following review helpful.
Disappointing but useful
By Jonathan Brown
This book was written by two distinguished experts on tax policy and reviews the development of the campaign to end estate taxes at the federal level. In many cases it is quite informative. But compared to Jeffrey Birnbaum's book on the development of tax policy in Congress (Showdown at Guccci Gulch) is it quite light in a couple of areas.
The book begins with three questions - fundamentally, how did the coalition that formed get together, how did the repeal coalition successfully resist amendments, and finally how did an item like this (seemingly without a high level of support and which cost a lot of revenue and only affects a small number of people) not cause more generalized opposition to the Bush tax bill?
The book is excellent in some of its history (especially the chapter about the use of science in public policy) but is weaker in telling the story of how the current provision was adopted in a consistent manner. The description of the initial phases of the development of the coalition is pretty detailed. The coalition brought together some seemingly disparate interests.
Where the book falls down is in two areas. First, there are some amazing omissions in this book. Bill Gates' father was indeed a leader of the opposition - but at no place in the book does the narrative explain that Gates' father was an attorney who helped to structure estates and thus had a direct interest in the continuation of the tax. At the same time the authors keep coming back to themes - for example, a minor figure in the fight (farm owner Chester Thigpen) is highlighted more heavily than a key Senator like Max Baucus. I would also have liked to have these policy wonks think creatively about the elements of the estate tax which opponents might go forward with - when the inevitable fights come in the future. The opponents of repeal were inept - but how do they go forward? The last time the estate tax was eliminated (surprisingly not mentioned in the book) was in the 1954 revision - the problems which brought the tax back should be instructive to opponents of repeal.
The second area is the authors' limited understanding of how coalitions are built. This book should be more about the politics of the process. The concluding chapter decries the mix of research, politics and moral issues in the current political environment. Indeed, as one who writes about tax issues often, better research involvement could help the process. But the realities of politics that mix moral/philosophical issues and coalitions and evidence are what we should be thinking about.
So if you are interested in tax policy, this is a good book. But if you want to understand how tax policy is made in the real world - there are better books.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Some useful information
By K. Price
Michael Graetz and Ian Shapiro successfully explain the history of the estate tax, the lobbying battles over it, and the shift from consensus to its repeal in their book Death by a Thousand Cuts. By investigating a range of opinions from Congressmen to farmers, the authors effectively portray how the pro-estate tax side underestimated the ability of organization, group affiliation, and passion to bring about the repeal of a tax that had been accepted without contest for generations. The authors criticize the efforts of large groups and Democratic congressman to organize against the repeal - by illuminating the fact that there was too little organization. While the book provides an accurate and thorough account of the lobbying process that helped lead to the repeal of the estate tax, it provides much unnecessary detail and is obvious in its bias against the repeal of the tax.
For readers who are uneducated in the history of opinions on taxes, Graetz and Shapiro thoroughly describe the evolution of progressive taxation. While not clearly defined in the book, progressive taxation can be explained as a tax that increases as a person's income increases. They describe the shift of opinion on the estate tax when the Republicans made estate tax reform part of their "Contract with America." (Graetz and Shapiro, 15) By using rhetorical frames and spins, pro-repeal groups were able to effectively present the estate tax not as a tax only affecting 2.4% of the wealthy, but as a "death" tax that could potentially "punish" family businesses and farmers by double-taxing their hard earned money. In other words, the authors show how the pro-repealists were successful in presenting the tax in a way that best supported their cause. The authors do a good job showing how much influence organized interest groups can have on government decisions. While the repeal of the estate tax might not necessarily have been a practical crusade, it was a passionate one that eventually won out against the greater good of society and economy, in the opinion of the authors. By putting direct pressure on members of the legislature, pro-repeal groups built a coalition including large numbers of business owners, gays, and the working class, thus encouraging politicians that it would be beneficial to represent and support their cause. With a few wealthy elites being represented by large groups of non-estate tax payers, effective lobbying became the force behind the tax repeal. While the estate tax may have actually benefited some people who worked for its repeal, a pluralistic system prevailed and ended up benefiting the few elites who represented only a fraction of the masses. For an ordinary reader or college student who is unaware of how effective lobbying can be in enhancing American democracy, the authors do a great job portraying the process.
The authors also do a good job providing simple facts on the tax, such as its ability to tax the deceased estate up to 55% and the subsequent $24 billion in government revenue. While they covered some of the services and people who benefit from the tax, they could have been more specific in displaying the direct economic benefits of keeping the estate tax around. If the authors favor the tax, which seems to be the bias throughout the book, why do they not put more effort into displaying its benefits? Despite this lack of information, the authors do a good job explaining the basic components of the tax for readers unknowledgeable on the subject.
When writing about such a widely debated topic, the authors would have benefited by being more cautious in displaying their bias towards keeping the tax around. It tends to distract from their entire argument. From the very beginning, they describe the pro-repeal group's goals as being ones of "conviction and anger" in place of "practicality" (Graetz and Shapiro, 23). While this might be true, blatantly stating their bias against the pro-repeal argument is a good way of losing the reader's trust. Instead of making readers cope with the bias, the author's argument would have been stronger if they would have merely shown the impracticality of the pro-repealists.
The authors also include much un-needed information in the book that tends to get repetitive and boring. Describing all characters by their eye color or ability to cook tends to lose its appeal by the sixteenth chapter when the authors describe Bob Johnson and the paintings covering his walls and his casual way of dressing in black pants and a black polo sweater. Is all this information necessary?
Overall, the book provides good background details on the estate tax and displays the ability of interest groups to change the American government. Graetz and Shapiro successfully provide readers with an educating, enjoyable read that was easy to follow and understand. While it could have been improved by eliminating the obvious bias and the un-needed details, it provides a good look at American government and the power of group affiliation in reaching a goal - whether practical or not.
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