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The Shape of the River, by William G. Bowen, Derek Bok
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This is the book that has forever changed the debate on affirmative action in America. The Shape of the River is the most far-reaching and comprehensive study of its kind. It brings a wealth of empirical evidence to bear on how race-sensitive admissions policies actually work and clearly defines the effects they have had on over 45,000 students of different races. Its conclusions mark a turning point in national discussions of affirmative action--anything less than factual evidence will no longer suffice in any serious debate of this vital question.
Glenn Loury's new foreword revisits the basic logic behind race-sensitive policies, asserting that since individuals use race to conceptualize themselves, we must be conscious of race as we try to create rules for a just society. Loury underscores the need for confronting opinion with fact so we can better see the distinction between the "morality of color-blindness" and the "morality of racial justice."
- Sales Rank: #924296 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Princeton University Press
- Published on: 2000-01-04
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.21" h x 1.20" w x 6.14" l, 1.66 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 536 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
Review
Winner of the 2001 Grawemeyer Award in Education
Winner of the 1999 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Government and Political Science, Association of American Publishers
"The most ambitious and authoritative study to date of the effects of affirmative action in higher education, . . . a serious (though accessible) work of research, . . . an important corrective to conservative propaganda masquerading as social science."--Ellis Cose, Newsweek
"A compelling new book . . . demonstrates why affirmative action programs can be good for the country. . . . The authors prove with facts, not anecdotes, that affirmative action works. . . . With the presidential commission having fallen flat in trying to advance the national discussion on race, it may be the smaller-scale efforts, like the Bowen and Bok book, that better lay the groundwork for long-term change."--Los Angeles Times
"No study of this magnitude has been attempted before. Its findings provide a strong rationale for opposing current efforts to demolish race-sensitive policies in colleges across the country. . . . The evidence collected flatly refutes many of the misimpressions of affirmative-action opponents."--The New York Times
"The Shape of the River is the most comprehensive study ever done of affirmative action in higher education, and it demands the attention of anyone who cares about American universities."--David Gergen, U.S. News and World Report
"The Shape of the River . . . offers much more comprehensive statistics and much more sophisticated analysis than has been available before. Impressionistic and anecdotal evidence will no longer suffice: any respectable discussion of the consequences of affirmative action in universities must now either acknowledge its findings or challenge them, and any challenge must match the standards of breadth and statistical professionalism that Bowen, Bok, and their colleagues have achieved."--Ronald Dworkin, New York Review of Books
"What is good for business in this case is good for society too--good for us all. This report may, at last, make that fact evident even to the most obtuse."--Garry Wills, The Plain Dealer
"On the strength of [the authors'] credentials the reader can expect much, and much is delivered.... The Shape of the River is a monumental achievement. Its foundation is so solidly anchored to a bedrock of data that it will be relied upon as a navigational beacon for years to come."--Robert E. Thatch, Science
From the Back Cover
"Written by two of the most respected figures in higher education, The Shape of the River offers to the public what has long been needed: a large dose of crucial, unvarnished fact about affirmative action. Mining new and sensitive information, Bowen and Bok present an analysis that is careful, clear, comprehensive, and, above all, candid. No work tells us nearly as much as this one about the social costs and benefits of affirmative action in our colleges and universities. A brilliant scholarly performance, The Shape of the River should be essential reading for anyone seeking a dependable guide through the morass of competing claims that obscure from public attention the questions that need to be posed and the answers that need to be assessed."--Randall Kennedy, Harvard Law School
"This important book is a calm, expert, analytical study of race-sensitive college admissions, and what happens afterwards. There is nothing else in the same league. It tells us many things we didn't know, because until now there was no way to know them. The deepest question is: can we make social policy in this area on the basis of fact and reason, or will it all dissolve in ideological certainty?"--Robert M. Solow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nobel Laureate in Economics
"Instead of relying on preconceived notions and conventional wisdom about race in college and university admissions, Bill Bowen and Derek Bok use facts to examine the record. The result is an invaluable resource for those interested in American higher education and more generally, race in America. It shows that merit and diverse student bodies can be complementary goals and that individuals who have benefited from the policy have gone on to excel as contributing members to the life of our country."--Senator Bill Bradley
"With its persuasive evidence about the positive effects of higher education on the social, civic, and economic lives of African Americans, The Shape of the River is a real eye-opener. William Bowen and Derek Bok have brought erudition and hands-on experience to the debate over race-sensitive admissions. For all readers struggling to reconcile principles of fairness with the needs of the society, this book offers even-handed appraisals and a wealth of new and compelling facts."--Anne Armstrong, Former Ambassador to Great Britain and Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Center for Strategic and International Studies
"This is a fascinating 'must read' book. The authors use a newly constructed database to elucidate the role that highly selective undergraduate colleges play in shaping individual life courses of black Americans and in contributing to the texture and robustness of our society. The issue of race-sensitive admissions is elegantly framed while the reader comes to appreciate the subtleties of the college educational experience . . . an exciting read!"--John Reed, Chairman and CEO, Citicorp
Most helpful customer reviews
7 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent counter-point to anti-AA books
By christian hopsburg
The book is VERY dense and long winded at times, but needs to be. I think this and D'Souza's "The End of Racism" for example should be required reading, one after the other, in an AP social studies class or PoliSci one. Its a very detailed analysis of the actual empirical results of decades of this policy, and is very convincing.
I think all liberals should have to read D'Souza or similar, and all conservatives this book.
19 of 43 people found the following review helpful.
Academic white Racism, Paternalism at it most Vicious Form
By A Customer
I have read the book twice. Truth often is stranger than fiction. The book is complicated but the central theses is that blacks "need" lower standards to succeed in school, jobs and life. Basically, it says they cannot succeed in life without me the arrogant, academic white liberal providing lower standards for admissions to college for you, the blacks.
The whole subject of differences in test scores, academic achievement is a touchy subject. White IQ averages 100 and Blacks IQ averages 85, a gap of 15 points. Many believe, that the difference will be less once equal opportunity is provided. These people believe in equal opportunity and believe "all races" have the ability to succeed.
Bok and Bowen basically comes and says they CANNOT succeed without lower hurdles, lower admissions criteria, the aid of white paternalism. Bok and Bowen have basically accepted the very notion that blacks are inferior to whites and they will never succeed without the white man support. It�s again the ideas of the "white man burden" to civilized the Africans in our midst. If this is not white racism at its worst. I have no idea what it is. Paternalism of liberal whites toward blacks is the worst form of racism possible. It is the "plantation mentality" at work again. If you behave toward the plantation master, I will invite you inside the master�s house and let you have the goodies.
There no way to get around it: Bok and Bowen are academic racists.... academic racists of the worst type because they believe intrinsically that blacks are inferior to whites and only through their "benevolence" will blacks succeed. I find this ugly, distasteful and objectionable.
For public universities like the Universities of California, Texas, Michigan, etc. It is well known for decades now that there is two-admissions process. One process is for Whites-Asians and another process is for Blacks-Hispanics. At the University of Michigan, Whites-Asians will be auto-reject at the 6% percentile of applicants. Blacks-Hispanics at 6% will be auto-accept. Berkeley has had a gap year after year of 250-350 SAT points between the two groups. The NYT published the SAT scores of white-Asians, in the 1200-1300 range, whereas blacks-hispanics were in the range of 900, under a thousand. It is no secret-open seceret now that public universities have two-admissions process based on your race. It's like there is two-universities, one for you and one for me.
The only reason I write this is that public universities are under public control and public scrutiny. Much of the data came out of Freedom of Information Act request.
Private universities meanwhile are not publicly obligated to release their admissions data. But here in this book, by the former Presidents of Harvard and Princeton, they are publicly admitting they have two-admissions process. If you are white, your application will be placed with other white applicants and if you are blacks, you will be competing against other blacks.
It's an open admission of a two-system admissions process with the blacks system of admissions with much, much lower standards. I would think this is a violation of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, but Bok and Bowen insists "the only way they can make it"
This white academic racism of Bok and Bowen reminds me of the separate drinking fountains of the old US South. One fountain for whites and a shabbier one for the colored. Bok and Bowen is here endorsing the white racism of the US South. White and Blacks cannot drink from the same fountain, Bok and Bowen is saying they cannot "compete" because they are just too dumb.
Instead of the KKK of the south promoting the inferiority of blacks, we have the President of Harvard and Princeton, respected academics, promoting the inferiority of blacks. I consider this academic racism the worst form of "hate" imagination because it is an intellectual, accepted belief that blacks are inherently inferior.
Needless to say, I find the white racism of Bok and Bowen shocking and objectionable. Moreover, they openly admit that Ivy schools have a two-tier system of admissions, one for me and one for you people will be shocking to many readers. Bok and Bowen even defends the two-system admissions process.. lower standards for blacks�.Shocking.
Please buy the book, read it, and judge it for yourself. Your opinion might be different than mine, but the white racism of Bok and Bowen is the racism of the worst imaginable type.... they have concluded and accepted blacks are inferior and they need a lower set of standards to go anywhere in life or college, with the white man help of course. If this is not racism, I have no idea what is.
17 of 60 people found the following review helpful.
This book may be begging the question.
By Christian Antalics
I've read the foreward and introduction to "The Shape of the River", and I've scanned the body of the text. This seems more like an advertisement for an ivy-league education than any great revelation. Of course a Harvard education, and all of the connections that it brings, would result in great income prospects; it seems to go without saying.
Since the administration of Harvard is not a racist body, affirmative action at Harvard can't be considered as a remedy to a limited case of racism or racial inequality. In other words, Harvard is attempting to correct for general social injustice. Unless they are attempting to integrate the campus for the benefit of the majority. In fact, this seems to be a recurring theme in both the foreward and the introduction: how can we prove that blacks are just like us if there aren't any blacks around to show?
I can tell you from my own first-hand experience (i.e. conversations with minority students at my alma mater), that they often feel on the spot whenever issues of race arise in the classroom, and that they resent it. The professors and students seems to always want to turn to them for their "expert opinion" without prior consultation, and conversations too often gravitate to issues of racism and race relations. This is stressful to anyone.
Neither Princeton nor Harvard nor Williams nor Dartmouth, nor all of the select colleges and universities in this great nation combined, have enough slots in their programs to begin to remedy the impact of racism in our society. I find the idea that our select universities are going to independently remedy the wrongs of 400 years to be quaint indeed. Even the book argues that admission to the rest of the institutions doesn't require special consideration (i.e. the test scores are high enough). I guess I find the idea a bit presumptuous, and I guess that I believe that integration of the campus is more for the benefit of the school and its administrators than for the students themselves, even if it is beneficial to those students, as the book so clearly demonstrates.
I want to read more of the book, and I want to research additional material. Thomas Sowell, in his essay in Forbes magazine, "Lies, damned lies and blurs", calls "The River" a blur because, according to him, "focused studies have found devastating differences in drop-out rates between those admitted under lower standards and those who got in like everyone else." He also repeatedly refers to "racially-sensitive admissions" as "racial quotas", which I found to be a blur all its own.
I still think that, ultimately, we are going to have to abandon a priori consideration of race, as the courts and the public are gradually rejecting preferences, thereby increasing the importance of finding alternative formulations to create diversity. If firmly believe that application of these formulations would result in a diverse and, more importantly, happy population.
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